Seed masting and production of empty seeds have often been considered independently as different strategies to reduce seed Durags predation by animals.Here, we integrate both phenomena within the whole assemblage of seed predators (both pre and post-dispersal) and in two contrasting microsites (open vs.sheltered) to improve our understanding of the

Rafay Ahmed,1 Matthew J Oborski,2 Misun Hwang,1 Frank S Lieberman,3 James M Mountz11Department of Radiology, 2Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; 3Department of Neurology and Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USAAbstract: Mal

The microbiota plays important roles in host metabolism and immunity, and its disruption affects adult brain physiology and behavior.Although such findings have been attributed to altered neurodevelopment, few studies have actually examined microbiota effects on the developing brain.This review focuses on developmental effects of the earliest expos